Raid yield is limited by surviving cargo capacity, visible target resources, and raid-loot modifiers. Source
Evidence status — confirmed: Unless noted otherwise, mechanics are verified against the installed patch 11.73 guide.
carry = Σ(count × cargo × carrier effect) × fleet cargo multiplier
ceiling = min(carry, target total)
ceiling = min(target total, ceiling × raid-loot multiplier)
visible = target total × (1 - hidden fraction)
Loot is then taken randomly by resource from visible stock. Nano Storage therefore reduces expected value, while Orbital Exchange, cargo hulls, directive/SPU bonuses, and Veil effects raise it.
Veil Stolen Breath takes an extra:
min(10% of main steal, 5% of remaining target resources)